tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-44155707228446428352024-03-08T02:17:23.613-08:00Christina's Chemistry Blogcrbowmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04278646988556852649noreply@blogger.comBlogger7125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4415570722844642835.post-19026642743908843212011-05-15T08:27:00.000-07:002011-05-16T17:10:38.831-07:00Final Exam Review #27<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">Final Exam Blog Response<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">pH and pOH:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;"></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> <span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">a) </span> </span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">What is the pH and pOH of a 0.0200M solution of Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub>?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">b) </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">What is the concentration of hydrogen and hydroxide ions in a solution of HCL with a pH of 3.24?</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> <span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">c) </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">A 50.0 mL solution contains has a pH of 1.007 before being diluted to a volume of 100.0 mL . What is the pOH of the final solution?</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Useful equations pertaining to pH and pOH:<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">pH: <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">pH = -log(H<sup>+</sup>)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">(H<sup>+</sup>) =10 <sup>–pH</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">pH = 14 – pOH<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">pOH: <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">pOH = -log(OH<sup>-</sup>)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">(OH<sup>-</sup>) = 10 <sup>–pOH</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">pOH = 14 – pH <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">-<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Sig Figs: for pH, they only count after the decimal place<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">-<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">(H<sup>+</sup>) / (OH<sup>-</sup>) = molarity<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">a) </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">0.0200 M of Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-indent: .25in;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">- Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub> is a base, so you are going to use pOH<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Calibri;">You have to multiply the molarity by two since it is (OH)<sub>2</sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> 0.0200 x 2 = 0.0400 M <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Calibri;">Since you have the molarity of OH<sup>-</sup>, and you are looking for the pOH, use:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> pOH = -log(OH<sup>-</sup>)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> pOH = -log(0.0400) <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> pOH = 1.398<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">*sig figs: using regular sig figs rules, the molarity has three sig figs. When finding the pH or pOH you only count sig figs after the decimal place. Therefore, the 1 in 1.398 doesn’t count as a significant figure, so you have to have three sig figs after the decimal, (.398) </span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> It is asking for the pH, and since you know the pOH you use:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> pH = 14 – pOH<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> pH = 14 – 1.398<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-indent: .5in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> pH = 12.602 <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">b) </span> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">pH = 3.24; HCl; looking for (H<sup>+</sup>) and (OH<sup>-</sup>)</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">HCl is an acid, so you are going to use pH. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-indent: .25in;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Since you are only given the pH, you have to use:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-indent: .25in;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Calibri;"> (H<sup>+</sup>) =10 <sup>–pH</sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> (H<sup>+</sup>) =10 <sup>-3.24<o:p></o:p></sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> (H<sup>+</sup>) = 5.8 X 10<sup>-4</sup> M <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">*sig figs: pH has two numbers after the decimal, therefore it has two sig figs. You do not count the three because it is before the decimal point. Since there is a total of two sig figs for pH, there is a total of two sig figs for (H+</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">). You use the regular rule sig figs rule, so 5.8 = two sig figs. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">You then need to find (OH<sup>-</sup>). Since you need the pOH first in order to find the (OH<sup>-</sup>), you use: <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">pOH = 14 – pH <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">pOH = 14 – 3.24<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">pOH = 10.76<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Now that you know the pOH you can find the (OH<sup>-</sup>) </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Calibri;"> (OH<sup>-</sup>) = 10 <sup>–pOH</sup></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> (OH<sup>-</sup>) = 10 <sup>–10.76<o:p></o:p></sup></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .5in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> (OH<sup>-</sup>) = 1.7 X 10<sup>-11</sup> M <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">*sig figs: same rule applies to this as it applied to find the (H</span><sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">+</span></sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">)</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: .5in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: xx-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 9px;"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> c) <b>Looking for pOH</b> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">given information:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">V<sub>1</sub> = 50.0 mL = .0500L<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">pH = 1.007 <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">V<sub>2</sub> = 100.0 mL = .100 L <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-indent: .25in;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">You will end up using the equation M<sub>1</sub>V<sub>1</sub> = M<sub>2</sub>V<sub>2</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-indent: .25in;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">First, you need to find the molarity of M<sub>1 </sub>(H<sup>+</sup>)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-indent: .25in;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Calibri;"> (H<sup>+</sup>) =10 <sup>–pH</sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">(H<sup>+</sup>) =10 <sup>-1.007<o:p></o:p></sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> (H<sup>+</sup>) = .0984 M <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">*sig figs: pH has three significant figures after decimal, so molarity will have a total of three sig figs </span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Now that you have all the necessary information for M<sub>1</sub>V<sub>1</sub> = M<sub>2</sub>V<sub>2</sub>, you can solve for M<sub>2</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; text-indent: .25in;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">V<sub>1</sub> = 50.0 mL = .0500L V<sub>2</sub> = 100.0 mL = .100 L <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> M<sub>1</sub> = .0984 M M<sub>2</sub> = ? <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">M<sub>1</sub>V<sub>1</sub> = M<sub>2</sub>V<sub>2<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">M<sub>2</sub> = M<sub>1</sub>V<sub>1</sub>/V<sub>2</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 358.4pt; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">M<sub>2</sub> = (.0984 X .0500)/.1000<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 358.4pt; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">M<sub>2</sub> = .0492 M <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 358.4pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> (H+) = .0492</o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 358.4pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><o:p><br />
</o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 358.4pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> Now you have the (H<sup>+</sup>) for the final solution. Solve for the pH of this solution: <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">pH = -log(H<sup>+</sup>)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">pH = -log(.0492)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">pH = 1.308<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Last step: solve for the pOH:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">pOH = 14 – pH <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">pOH = 14 – 1.308 <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">pOH = 12.692<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 358.4pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">ANSWERS:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-align: center; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">a)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">pH = 12.602 <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> b)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">(OH<sup>-</sup>) = 1.7 X 10<sup>-11</sup> M <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-align: center; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> c)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">pOH = 12.692<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>crbowmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04278646988556852649noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4415570722844642835.post-91424302895815571562011-04-06T21:56:00.000-07:002011-04-06T23:04:01.793-07:00Nuclear Reactors, Chernobyl, and Japan<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Part 1: Nuclear Reactors:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">What is a Nuclear Reactor? <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">A nuclear reactor is a device that triggers a nuclear chain reaction and controls and sustains them at a steady rate. Fission, the process used in nuclear reactors, takes place when bombarding a nucleus with another particle. It starts off with one neutron, which then produces more neutrons once it is bombarded with another particle, and so on as a chain reaction (1). Controlled fission is used in order to produce useful energy to use as electricity. Fission is a self-sustaining reaction, meaning it can keep itself going, and therefore is very good energy source that releases large amounts of energy in the form of heat. Although this is a very helpful aspect of fission, it can also be dangerous because it can get out of control very quickly and safety precautions need to be taken (3). Before being able to understand the disasters at Chernobyl and Japan and what went wrong to cause the disasters, it is first necessary to understand how a nuclear reactor works and the parts within it. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><o:p><br />
</o:p></span></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimcYpDUo_UTm4FaK3yWMxokgWu2LO1aNav0KOVgdyKFVa3le5_aiNFYuojf1wJN9XYl8yerrmk4r-9_Kis2jOVfOhAKQB62oU87O9BTEK0t8soHT3mPLYKF2uIgmHoXXIfTtLZ03q78KY/s1600/nuclear_reactors.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimcYpDUo_UTm4FaK3yWMxokgWu2LO1aNav0KOVgdyKFVa3le5_aiNFYuojf1wJN9XYl8yerrmk4r-9_Kis2jOVfOhAKQB62oU87O9BTEK0t8soHT3mPLYKF2uIgmHoXXIfTtLZ03q78KY/s1600/nuclear_reactors.gif" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">http://criticalmash.files.wordpress.com/2011/03/nuclear_reactors.gif?w=300&h=277</td></tr>
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</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><o:p><br />
</o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Parts of a Nuclear Reactor:</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"></div><ul><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia;">The </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">core</b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia;"> is where the radioactive material is stored. The most common type of fuel used in nuclear reactors is Uranium-235. (4)</span></li>
</ul><ul><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia;"></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia;">The <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">moderator</b> is a material in the core that slows down neutrons without absorbing or reacting with them so that can continue the chain reaction and produce more fission. In most moderators water is used but in the moderator at Chernobyl grid graphite was used. (5)</span></li>
</ul><ul><li><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Control rods</span></b><span style="font-family: Georgia;"> are used to absorb neutrons. They can be inserted or withdrawn from the reactor core in order to control the rate of reaction. When the control rods are inserted into the core, they absorb a large amount of neutrons, therefore slowing the fission process down. When the rods are pulled out of the reactor core, fewer neutrons are absorbed, therefore speeding up the fission process. These rods are made of steel and contain a large amount of material that can absorb neutrons and are usually composed of boron. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Fuel rods</b> are narrow cylinders that contain small pellets of uranium fuel. (5)</span></li>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnGxsiWb2qHU0qXk78BWBoFtCawjBpJtdggz9ltyj30T0THAa8axFzX2E4FlStYGyhHBRE2q29f3t9FxtBYF7aD3PfgzJZ5HHMyYZRp-VCzGUduhIxaFl1zxazpY4OOIE0WXGRphyO0qY/s1600/controlrods.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnGxsiWb2qHU0qXk78BWBoFtCawjBpJtdggz9ltyj30T0THAa8axFzX2E4FlStYGyhHBRE2q29f3t9FxtBYF7aD3PfgzJZ5HHMyYZRp-VCzGUduhIxaFl1zxazpY4OOIE0WXGRphyO0qY/s200/controlrods.jpg" width="152" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/dl/free/<br />
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</span></div><ul><li><span style="font-family: Georgia;"></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia;">The </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">coolant </b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia;">is a material that passes through the core that is used to transfer heat from the fuel to a turbine. In more simple terms, the nuclear reaction produces heat, and the coolant carries the heat away. This also serves the function of keeping the reactor cool enough to prevent a meltdown. (1)</span></li>
</ul><ul><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia;"></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia;">The <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">steam generator</b> is part of the cooling system. It is used to boil water and produce steam for the turbine. The <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">turbine</b> then transfers the heat from the coolant to produce electricity. (4)</span></li>
</ul><ul><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia;"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Containment</span></b><span style="font-family: Georgia;"> is the steel and concrete structure around the reactor core that separates the reactor from the environment to prevent radiation from escaping. (1)</span></li>
</ul><ul><li><span style="font-family: Georgia;"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Cooling tower</span></b><span style="font-family: Georgia;">s release the excess heat that cannot be converted into energy. (1)</span></li>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_LcNXUIHZy3OM5-gKMYK_JwJpzMtfUX9pA4_2ZIv3J9DNSWHkaWSyGeVobavT-3Xi-3vt6VQ-uAE0er2DxgZV0_nGq5AKrqVYaeHQnxaJhxTFl6SKCU9-z5kwLO5CtIN_Sg2GAh52VG4/s1600/reactor2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="195" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_LcNXUIHZy3OM5-gKMYK_JwJpzMtfUX9pA4_2ZIv3J9DNSWHkaWSyGeVobavT-3Xi-3vt6VQ-uAE0er2DxgZV0_nGq5AKrqVYaeHQnxaJhxTFl6SKCU9-z5kwLO5CtIN_Sg2GAh52VG4/s400/reactor2.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">All of these components work together to produce useful energy in the form of electricity. Nuclear reactions in fuel rods heat water, and then the steam drives a generator to produce electricity. Cold water from the sea or rivers heat and converts steam back to water. The water cycles back to the core to be reheated and repeat the process. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Part 2: Disaster at Chernobyl<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqSP_3HZXI5LJmwiV7UQyL7YcDyAKwY_m-bGI_EN2qcIoM5rTe22ONWrWXccoUPF4OTaOheFxtpQ2hurJ-zSv4YnfV5azzIiA-E274fkhpDvhXUGNheqgBNFk5Zvf6-gHAvda0gpO6Ub4/s1600/chernobyl.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqSP_3HZXI5LJmwiV7UQyL7YcDyAKwY_m-bGI_EN2qcIoM5rTe22ONWrWXccoUPF4OTaOheFxtpQ2hurJ-zSv4YnfV5azzIiA-E274fkhpDvhXUGNheqgBNFk5Zvf6-gHAvda0gpO6Ub4/s400/chernobyl.gif" width="293" /></a></td></tr>
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</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">What Happened at Chernobyl?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">The disaster that took place at Chernobyl is considered to be the worst nuclear reactor disaster ever. Chernobyl is located in Ukraine near the capital city of Kiev. The nuclear reactor is a RMBK design, meaning that it has graphite as opposed to water in the moderator. On April 25, 1986, reactor 4 at Chernobyl was scheduled for routine maintenance and was shut down. It was decided that an additional test would also be performed in order to see how long turbines could supply power to keep the cooling system going in case of a power outage (2). <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">At 1:00 am on April 25, the operators at Chernobyl began to reduce power for the test, but the test was delayed for 9 hours due to the need of power in the nearby town, Kiev. This resulted in difficulties with the work shifts, leaving the unprepared night shift to run the test. On April 26, the operators carried on the power reduction of the reactor, but due to a mistake by an operator, the power drastically dropped and was too low to run the test. To try to increase the power to keep the test running, operators raised and removed all but six control rods from the core at 1:00 am. Yet again, this was a terrible mistake by the operator (2). The minimum safe operating number of control rods is 30, yet there were only 6 control rods in the reactor core at that time, making it very unstable (3). The operators did not think it was not ideal to shut down the reactor, so they disabled the automatic shutdown system to continue the test. The purpose of the test was to see how the reactor worked under low power, so it was necessary to shut down the automatic system. Once the reactor was considered stable enough, the engineers decided to continue the test (2).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">At the time the test was continued, both turbines were shut down and there was a reduction in the water flow, causing power to rise. This caused the reactor to boil and overheat, and the water coolant started turning to steam. The power drastically increased. (2) At that moment the manual shutdown button was pushed and the control rods that were originally taken out to increase power, were inserted back into the core. Due to the design of the control rods and the way they were inserted, it relocated the coolant and drove all activity to the lower core. (3) This dramatically increased the power to 120 times its full power. At 1:23 am, two explosions occurred. (2) <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Explosions and Evacuation: <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">The explosions were caused because the pressure from the excess steam, which was supposed to go to the turbines that had been shut down, broke pressure tubes. Fuel pellets in the core began to explode, causing the explosions. The roof of the reactor was blown off and radioactive contents and burning graphite exploded outwards. A large fire was started when air was sucked into the reactor and ignited flammable carbon monoxide. Firefighters were rushed to the scene of the large fire and were successful in putting out the large fire nine days later (2). The firefighters poured water on the fires and tried to stop them with sand, but it proved to be ineffective. They then resorted to stopping the fires with lead and nitrogen (6). Along with the large fire at the core, 30 additional small fires were started near the accident. </span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">The Soviet Union did not notify the people about this disaster until the day after it happened. The radiation level decreased for a short period of time and the Soviet Union tried to cover up the fact that this disaster ever happened. The radiation levels soon rose and evacuation was ordered two days after the explosion. Those that stayed in towns near the reactor were ordered to remain indoors so they would not be exposed to the radiation. There was a 30 km evacuation zone around the reactor and those near it had to be relocated.</span> (2) </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">How have they tried to fix the situation at Chernobyl? <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">One of the main problems at Chernobyl was that it didn’t have a containment, a steel or concrete structure around it to protect the environment from radioactive material. Once the explosions occurred, a large amount of radioactive debris escaped from the building and led to many long-lasting health effects. The Soviets decided in order to try to prevent radiation from escaping the reactor they would build a large shell around it to contain the radiation. The shell was made out of concrete and steel and would permanently cover the entire reactor. This is known as the Sarcophagus (2). <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYAu2BjxtAgXJ7Wpfv362TqKfBcIYzz71GEDH0LghTHWyYEyukg2-7RHunNxlM6lCoovhwiigwY_vQPA6QGTEG8VqIDepUIwLS7uy9L3N7BMrkFuS4nPIi-QsC7JM2RiJrmxbFNzd88oY/s1600/chernobyl_sarcophagus__large.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="305" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYAu2BjxtAgXJ7Wpfv362TqKfBcIYzz71GEDH0LghTHWyYEyukg2-7RHunNxlM6lCoovhwiigwY_vQPA6QGTEG8VqIDepUIwLS7uy9L3N7BMrkFuS4nPIi-QsC7JM2RiJrmxbFNzd88oY/s320/chernobyl_sarcophagus__large.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">SARCOPHAGUS AT CHERNOBYL<br />
http://electrodes.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/<br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Health and Environment Effects:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">The workers who helped in the clean up process were not equipped with proper protective gear and were exposed to high amounts of radiation. This led to sickness and many deaths among these workers who were some of the first to treat the reactor immediately after the accident. </span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">31 people died immediately after the explosion, and it is predicted that more than 100,000 people have already died and as people continue to be exposed to radiation, that number will continue to increase (6). Chernobyl released as much as 100 times the radioactive contamination of the Hiroshima bomb (3). Over 300,000 people were resettled due to the disaster, yet millions still continue to live in the contaminated area. Rainfall and wind can also transport radiation to other countries. Radioactivity is still found in large amounts in Belarus, Ukraine, and Russia (3). <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"> Radiation puts people’s health into jeopardy by causing cancer and birth defects. Thyroid cancer is especially common among young children ages 0-14, and other cancers such as leukemia affect people exposed to radiation. Cesium-137 is a harmful substance from radiation that has a half-life of 30 years. Due to this long half-life, it is still found today in soils and foods in Europe. The contaminated soil cannot grow crops because it will contain radiation in foods and will harm people (7). Pripyat, a town very close to Chernobyl that housed plant workers is now a ghost town because everyone was ordered to evacuate from it (6). <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia;"> </span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia;"></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNLsfhOWL1oMA6z8Ur-yGV0HEtMX9dSjYsIJAt-EiQRSru3GLMSOlWKiIHtL94OQwhjB5aKIlH6Cuqe5_7d5PiW06iKeeK7prnEGrSoMEobFZiZr-CqLpF3wahlUoAyYsf1vJiP0JAS7Q/s1600/Chernobyl2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="190" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNLsfhOWL1oMA6z8Ur-yGV0HEtMX9dSjYsIJAt-EiQRSru3GLMSOlWKiIHtL94OQwhjB5aKIlH6Cuqe5_7d5PiW06iKeeK7prnEGrSoMEobFZiZr-CqLpF3wahlUoAyYsf1vJiP0JAS7Q/s400/Chernobyl2.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">MAP OF AREAS AFFECTED BY RADIATION<br />
http://faculty.virginia.edu/metals/Images/Chernobyl2.jpg</td></tr>
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</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Part 3: Japan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJKy-lp716Wyq8UhCLzCv7n8nkEWc1R0H3UmuT64WOty7qvt4l928WHL6ZeDaFg2HLVCKj3OMS7G6p2lTQwExyivPZoLRsbejZ1B5bB5JAyYd3yjZhV02c4Dsqe7BKfzzvbandn3Cesik/s1600/explosion.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="252" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJKy-lp716Wyq8UhCLzCv7n8nkEWc1R0H3UmuT64WOty7qvt4l928WHL6ZeDaFg2HLVCKj3OMS7G6p2lTQwExyivPZoLRsbejZ1B5bB5JAyYd3yjZhV02c4Dsqe7BKfzzvbandn3Cesik/s400/explosion.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">http://www.thetotalcollapse.com/wp-content/uploads/<br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">What happened in Japan?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Explosions in reactors 1, 2, and 3. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Water was boiled down and exposed the rods. This caused the rods to overheat because there was no water to cool them. The extreme heat caused the explosion (9). <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Now Japan is pumping cool seawater into the reactor to try to regulate the temperature and cool it down to prevent more explosions from occurring (9). <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">People are taking iodine pills to try to prevent the possibility of getting illnesses or cancer from the radiation. This helps protect the thyroid gland so it can’t absorb harmful iodine (8). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Similarities between Fukushima and Chernobyl:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Evacuation was carried out in areas that were heavily impacted by radiation<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> <span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Radiation entered the environment </span></span></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">- People reacted in fear </span></span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Differences between Fukushima and Chernobyl:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>There are more differences than similarities:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Perhaps the main difference between the two is the reason each explosion occurred. The disaster as Chernobyl was caused when a new test was taking place and was due to careless mistakes by operators, whereas Fukushima was caused by a natural disaster – tsunami (9). <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Another key difference between the two is the containment. Chernobyl released a much larger amount of radiation into the environment than Fukushima has. Fukushima has containment around it – heavy steel and concrete – to protect the environment from the radiation inside the core. Chernobyl on the other hand did not have one, so when it exploded the radiation was immediately released into the environment. The containment at Fukushima is keeping in a large amount of radiation (9). <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">The designs of the reactors were also different. Chernobyl used graphite in its moderator as opposed to water used in Fukushima. Graphite catches on fire easily, therefore causing a large explosion (8). <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">The Chernobyl plant was used to process plutonium weapons as well as supply electricity – Fukushima only to supply electricity (8).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Should we be worried? <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">No, the radiation is not as bad as Chernobyl and it will not spread to the U.S. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Fukushima has containment, so the radiation released into the environment is not as much. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Measures are being taken to control and watch the radiation. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Sources: <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal">1.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><a href="http://www.whatisnuclear.com/articles/nucreactor.html">http://www.whatisnuclear.com/articles/nucreactor.html</a></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><a href="http://www.whatisnuclear.com/articles/nucreactor.html"></a></span>2. <a href="http://library.thinkquest.org/3426/">http://library.thinkquest.org/3426/</a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://library.thinkquest.org/3426/"></a>3. <span style="font-family: Georgia;"><a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/guides/456900/456957/html/nn2page1.stm">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/guides/456900/456957/html/nn2page1.st</a> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"></span>4.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><a href="http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf32.html">http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf32.html</a></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><a href="http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf32.html"></a></span>5.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><a href="http://www.matter.org.uk/schools/content/nuclearreactor/Nuke.html">http://www.matter.org.uk/schools/content/nuclearreactor/Nuke.html</a></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><a href="http://www.matter.org.uk/schools/content/nuclearreactor/Nuke.html"></a></span>6.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><a href="http://history1900s.about.com/od/horribledisasters/p/Chernobyl.htm">http://history1900s.about.com/od/horribledisasters/p/Chernobyl.htm</a></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><a href="http://history1900s.about.com/od/horribledisasters/p/Chernobyl.htm"></a></span>7.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><a href="http://www.martinfrost.ws/htmlfiles/chernobyl2.html">http://www.martinfrost.ws/htmlfiles/chernobyl2.html</a></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">8. </span><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><a href="http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704893604576200982857244782.html">http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704893604576200982857244782.html</a></span> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">9. <a href="http://www.thedoctorsvideos.com/video/20866/Difference-Between-the-Japan-Crisis-and-Chernobyl">http://www.thedoctorsvideos.com/video/20866/Difference-Between-the-Japan-Crisis-and-Chernobyl</a> - video <o:p></o:p></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br />
</span></div></div><div class="MsoNormal"></div></div></span>crbowmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04278646988556852649noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4415570722844642835.post-4808430375845420012011-01-31T17:53:00.000-08:002011-01-31T17:53:54.199-08:00Creative Chemistry Extra Credit<div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: purple;"><b>Haiku</b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: purple;"><br />
</span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="text-decoration: underline;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: purple;">Covalent Compounds</span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: purple;">Atoms are bonded</span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: purple;">by sharing of electrons </span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: purple;">like a tug-of-war</span></span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #20124d;"><br />
</span><br />
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<div style="text-align: center;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #20124d;">Molecular Geometry</span></span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #20124d;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><b><br />
</b></span></span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="text-decoration: underline;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #20124d;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Linear: a highlighter </span></span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #20124d;">Linear was very easy to find an example for. Anything straight will work!</span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVdkvx5vKVL0V60n2jrZRODliIV09GkyOcbqjbJ6VqTY8hQbuvSIR7secZfMeT8BpduBFdpzhtUGcUuyMKDy9vsrLpqpalSw3NtKq2mQxRYonekywSkWxdXtqNxxdSbRnWb48fcdNA2io/s1600/DSC05618.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #20124d;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVdkvx5vKVL0V60n2jrZRODliIV09GkyOcbqjbJ6VqTY8hQbuvSIR7secZfMeT8BpduBFdpzhtUGcUuyMKDy9vsrLpqpalSw3NtKq2mQxRYonekywSkWxdXtqNxxdSbRnWb48fcdNA2io/s320/DSC05618.JPG" width="320" /></span></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #20124d;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #20124d;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="text-decoration: underline;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Bent: scissors </span></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #20124d;">If you take away the sharp side at the top, this serves as an example of a bent object. As you can see, it is bent in the middle. </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #20124d;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIX3k2WKctV6ym5HEeSA8Zhc4JEjKsH7qqUW8nzHLBxMcCj_RzGgjorBLQxKr83y430CMzNGzpCkb7OuQPbJ_70KGIXMzt5Uq6lkN_UlzUaJS5pzO2KWJF35IE3RwYoPkPxLkn0jNt2Bk/s1600/DSC05601.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIX3k2WKctV6ym5HEeSA8Zhc4JEjKsH7qqUW8nzHLBxMcCj_RzGgjorBLQxKr83y430CMzNGzpCkb7OuQPbJ_70KGIXMzt5Uq6lkN_UlzUaJS5pzO2KWJF35IE3RwYoPkPxLkn0jNt2Bk/s320/DSC05601.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #20124d;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large; text-decoration: underline;"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #20124d;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="text-decoration: underline;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Trigonal Planar: fan </span></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #20124d;">The three parts of the fan create a trigonal planar shape. </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #20124d;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBlHFzH02wUVtmLEGI758aoTBi24XUHUb21HPy03gwLC51BK9kJ7TKReyVS1ZT6jEGHgqsHPNu2ffhUsr3XWMny8-JlYNbUl-G-3GHVAMvvjbLougLb_BC3GRX5JtSUISLW7JpcHXCZn4/s1600/DSC05598.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBlHFzH02wUVtmLEGI758aoTBi24XUHUb21HPy03gwLC51BK9kJ7TKReyVS1ZT6jEGHgqsHPNu2ffhUsr3XWMny8-JlYNbUl-G-3GHVAMvvjbLougLb_BC3GRX5JtSUISLW7JpcHXCZn4/s320/DSC05598.JPG" width="240" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #20124d;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="text-decoration: underline;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Trigonal Pyramidal: Lamp </span></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #20124d;">Although it is not evident when you first look at it, the three lights are in the shape of a trigonal pyramidal. I found this very difficult to find an example for, so i bent the lights of a lamp in order to make the shape of a trigonal pyramidal. The light blue light is farthest away from us, the brown light is on the right side, and the dark blue light is on the left side of us. I tried to align the lamps to make the angles as correct as possible. </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #20124d;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMaqicOGW4mQ-5dDepzOTHxY3coaR-HfdrWEUSQpSJJzJ4sFEH5bXqJ0OKEQ4vzxd_M6WX1Bs-XZI_DBpzvNBN-JTNfBx8fiXkoXEnErAKYVu95LKo5rAB2nNFfNrZm2l3et-9DSX8hyphenhyphen4/s1600/DSC05614.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMaqicOGW4mQ-5dDepzOTHxY3coaR-HfdrWEUSQpSJJzJ4sFEH5bXqJ0OKEQ4vzxd_M6WX1Bs-XZI_DBpzvNBN-JTNfBx8fiXkoXEnErAKYVu95LKo5rAB2nNFfNrZm2l3et-9DSX8hyphenhyphen4/s320/DSC05614.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #20124d;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="text-decoration: underline;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Tetrahedral: music stand</span></span> </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #20124d;">The three bottom feet of the music stand and the rod connecting the top to the bottom serve as a tetrahedral. The angles are not completely accurate, but the basic shape is represented. If the connecting rod was not present, the bottom legs would create a trigonal pyramidal! </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #20124d;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRZeTMvuJbFerFZCphEY4l8tOEEwki1HFrQ0YsS_F61a4pamKf9Mgi0yY0sqQvAOHKhbdxVXYc5DBPAUXMhDnbhHJhFvbOlXk_s4HC-rY4TMapkl2j955Ri9B2ebzFb25_TlpvaVZnkKI/s1600/DSC05592.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRZeTMvuJbFerFZCphEY4l8tOEEwki1HFrQ0YsS_F61a4pamKf9Mgi0yY0sqQvAOHKhbdxVXYc5DBPAUXMhDnbhHJhFvbOlXk_s4HC-rY4TMapkl2j955Ri9B2ebzFb25_TlpvaVZnkKI/s320/DSC05592.JPG" width="240" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br />
</div>crbowmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04278646988556852649noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4415570722844642835.post-61526715477770851872010-12-11T19:30:00.000-08:002010-12-11T19:31:32.618-08:00If Your Cat Took Chemistry, Would She Eat This Stuff?<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #20124d;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #20124d; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">For this blog, i decided to use a variety of products. I separated the products into three main categories. I tried to find a variety of items within each category in order to demonstrate that compounds are found in so many items. </span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="text-decoration: underline;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0b5394;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">TOILETRIES:</span></b></span></span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0b5394; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small; text-decoration: underline;"><b><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: purple;"><b>TLC Almay Longwear Makeup</b>:</span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> 1. zinc oxide - </span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">ZnO</span></b><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: purple;"><b>Victoria Secret - Drenched in PINK: pretty and pure body lotion:</b></span></span><br />
<div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> 2. sodium hydroxide - </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">NaOH</span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: purple;"><b>Crest Whitening Dental Wraps:</b></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> 3. hydrogen peroxide - </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">H</span><sub><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2</span></sub><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">O</span><sub><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2</span></sub></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: purple;"><b>Mary Kay Makeup Remover</b>: </span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> 4. sodium chloride - </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">NaCl</span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> 5. potassium phosphate - </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">K</span><sub><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">3</span></sub><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">PO</span><sub><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">4</span></sub></span></div><div><sub><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: purple;"><b>Crest Whitening Toothpaste:</b></span></span></span></sub></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> 6. sodium fluoride - </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">NaF</span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="text-decoration: underline;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0b5394;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">FOOD:</span></b></span></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0b5394; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small; text-decoration: underline;"><b><br />
</b></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: purple;">Adora Calcium Supplement: </span></b></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> 7. calcium carbonate - </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">CaCO</span><sub><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">3</span></sub></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> 8. magnesium oxide - </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">MgO</span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: purple;">Crystal Light Drink Mix - Raspberry Flavo</span></b><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: purple;">r:</span></b></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> 9. calcium phosphate - </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Ca</span><sub><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">3</span></sub><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">(PO</span><sub><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">4</span></sub><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">)</span><sub><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2</span></sub></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: purple;">Ramen Noodle Soup - Chicken Flavor</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: purple;">: </span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> 10. potassium carbonate - </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">K</span><sub><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2</span></sub><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">CO</span><sub><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">3</span></sub></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> 11. sodium phosphate - </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Na</span><sub><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">3</span></sub><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">PO</span><sub><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">4</span></sub></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> 12. sodium carbonate - </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Na</span><sub><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2</span></sub><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">CO</span><sub><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">3</span></sub></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: purple;">Slim Fast - French Vanilla:</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: purple;"> </span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> 13. magnesium phosphate - </span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Mg</span><sub><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">3</span></sub><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">(PO</span><sub><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">4</span></sub><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">)</span><sub><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2</span></sub></b></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> 14. potassium iodide - </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">KI</span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> 15. chromium chloride:</span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> - chromium (II) chloride - </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">CrCl</span><sub><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2</span></sub></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold;"><sub><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> - chromium (III) chloride - </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">CrCl</span><sub><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">3</span></sub></span></span></sub></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="text-decoration: underline;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0b5394;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">ANIMAL FOOD:</span></span></b></span></span></div><div></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: purple;">Science Diet Sensitive Stomach Cat Food</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: purple;"><b>:</b></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> 16. potassium chloride - </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">KCl</span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> 17. copper sulfate:</span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> - copper (I) sulfate - </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Cu</span><sub><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2</span></sub><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">SO</span><sub><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">4</span></sub></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> - copper (II) sulfate - </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">CuSO</span><sub><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">4</span></sub></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> 18. calcium iodate - </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Ca(IO</span><sub><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">3</span></sub><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">)</span><sub><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2</span></sub></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> 19. phosphoric acid - </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">H</span><sub><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">3</span></sub><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">PO</span><sub><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">4</span></sub></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: purple;">FortiDiet Hamster and Gerbil Food:</span></b></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> 20. cobalt carbonate</span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> - cobalt (II) carbonate - </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Co</span><sub><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2</span></sub><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">(CO</span><sub><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">3</span></sub><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">)</span><sub><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">3</span></sub></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> - cobalt (III) carbonate - </span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">CoCO</span><sub><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">3</span></sub></b></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: purple;">ProPlan Small Dog Biscuit:</span></b></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> 21. zinc sulfate - </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">ZnSO</span><sub><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">4</span></sub></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Cambria;"><br />
</span></div><div></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px;"><b><br />
</b></span></span></div>crbowmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04278646988556852649noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4415570722844642835.post-19819787973915335812010-11-09T17:39:00.000-08:002010-11-09T17:39:06.171-08:00Trimester 1 Exam Review Question #15#15. Which would have the smallest radius: Na, I, and O? Explain your answer throughly.<br />
- Oxygen would have the smallest radius.<br />
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<!--StartFragment--> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAP_6OkVseEZABCjwtxR6L3U-Ux7tU69uwfD5be0WLTDXloeirAbItFyMHb8TzDsX7B8oM__IVJVlrrKTPuYuTSeh0LL67Uuj2ZaLwOruUWSw4915qE4LXAlJbWAtpdapC6h60e8NBoZU/s1600/periodictable.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="275" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAP_6OkVseEZABCjwtxR6L3U-Ux7tU69uwfD5be0WLTDXloeirAbItFyMHb8TzDsX7B8oM__IVJVlrrKTPuYuTSeh0LL67Uuj2ZaLwOruUWSw4915qE4LXAlJbWAtpdapC6h60e8NBoZU/s400/periodictable.gif" width="400" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Atomic radius is defined as one half of the distance between the nuclei of two atoms of the same element when the atoms are joined. The atomic radius decreases across periods because there are less electron shells to shield the attractive power of the nucleus. You add a proton each time you go across the period, making it have a more attractive power. The attractive power causes it to pull in the electron shells tighter, which decreases the radius. It increases down groups because each time you go down, a new energy level is added. This creates a new electron shell. The number of electrons outnumber the number of protons, which means the attractive force isn’t as great. This allows the shells to spread out more because it doesn't have the attractive force pulling it in, creating a larger radius. </div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiObLR9NWWISLTAUrZthmulUx1k8-z86tDon7tgAGo7VEhDQLUPqaony16xhVrZWePETHM4ZbvxDhKXB-CB9XAD-r5-ROdroF4lRiA7aV7TBW2Y_hpaAIdTetFd60oKobdgqgThppvzUgE/s1600/Atomic+radii.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiObLR9NWWISLTAUrZthmulUx1k8-z86tDon7tgAGo7VEhDQLUPqaony16xhVrZWePETHM4ZbvxDhKXB-CB9XAD-r5-ROdroF4lRiA7aV7TBW2Y_hpaAIdTetFd60oKobdgqgThppvzUgE/s1600/Atomic+radii.gif" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">Oxygen would have the smallest radius because it has the smallest number of electron shells. This causes the positive charge to be greater and pull the electron shells closer, therefore decreasing the radius. Sodium has a larger radius than oxygen because it has more electron shells and a smaller attractive force, allowing the shells to spread out. This causes a larger radius. Iodine has a larger radius than oxygen because even though it has a very strong attractive force, the number of electron shells outnumbers the attractive force. This means the radius for iodine is larger because the all the shells spread out. </div><!--EndFragment-->crbowmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04278646988556852649noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4415570722844642835.post-13483873482408802362010-10-06T18:40:00.000-07:002010-10-06T19:47:35.940-07:00Rutherford's Gold Foil Experiment<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Wordle:<br />
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><pre id="embed" style="background-color: #eeeeff; font-size: 13px;"><a href="http://www.wordle.net/show/wrdl/2536771/Rutherfords%27_Gold_Foil_Experiment"
title="Wordle: Rutherfords&#39; Gold Foil Experiment"><img
src="http://www.wordle.net/thumb/wrdl/2536771/Rutherfords%27_Gold_Foil_Experiment"
alt="Wordle: Rutherfords&#39; Gold Foil Experiment" </pre><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: monospace, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 21px; white-space: pre;"> style="padding:4px;border:1px solid #ddd"></a></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: monospace, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 21px; white-space: pre;"></span> </span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> Rutherford is best known for his gold foil experiment, which greatly contributed to the model of the atom as we know it today. His experiment introduced a new understanding about the atom, and proved his former teacher’s model incorrect. The gold foil experiment was conducted in 1909 at the University of Manchester by Geiger and Marsden, but his theory of the atom wasn’t complete until 1911 (4). </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Biography:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Ernest Rutherford had the opportunity to study and research at a variety of colleges. At the colleges, he was able to make many discoveries that would assist him in his gold foil experiment. He studied radioactivity, which led him to discover alpha particles, the main focus in the gold foil experiment. Ernest Rutherford was born on August 30, 1871 in Spring Gold, New Zealand. He obtained his early education through government schools, and at the age of 16, he entered Nelson Collegiate School. In 1889 he was awarded a University scholarship to Canterbury College at the University of New Zealand. He graduated from Canterbury with a double major in mathematics as well as physical science. In the year 1849, he was awarded an 1851 Exhibition Science Scholarship that allowed him to study at Trinity College at the University of Cambridge as a research student. At Trinity College, he worked with J.J. Thomson in the Cavendish Laboratory, who would become a very important figure in the gold foil experiment (1). While working with Thomson, Rutherford studied radiation, which led to his interest in alpha particles. He was offered a job as a chemistry professor to be the Macdonald Chair of Physics at McGill University in Montreal. In 1898, he moved to Canada to take the job, where he continued to work with radioactivity. His research led him to discover that radioactivity was the "spontaneous disintegration of atoms" (2). Due to all the work he did at McGill University, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1908. In 1907, he succeeded Arthur Schuster at the University of Manchester, where he began an in-depth study of alpha particles (1). His research led him to discover that alpha particles cause a weak, but discrete flash when they strike a luminescent zinc sulfide screen (4). His research and findings about alpha particles would later prove to be very important in his gold foil experiment. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Calibri;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHTLuN4oARFoh_lQqwLydcMM6G4aqknbJLi_lV2UnlqGBqYtREzUXQ3KY_lfZHbL7UnQHGbnlY3n5Wme72qouoxsOgkRfCemKG7kJ20NHqNmdvgv6Idx2MScI99d8K80oJXiMlLEpv5Ro/s1600/Ernest_Rutherford.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHTLuN4oARFoh_lQqwLydcMM6G4aqknbJLi_lV2UnlqGBqYtREzUXQ3KY_lfZHbL7UnQHGbnlY3n5Wme72qouoxsOgkRfCemKG7kJ20NHqNmdvgv6Idx2MScI99d8K80oJXiMlLEpv5Ro/s320/Ernest_Rutherford.png" width="237" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Calibri;"> Ernest Rutherford (1) </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Who was involved in the gold foil experiment? <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Rutherford was credited for the gold foil experiment, but two other people played a important role in the experiment as well. Under the supervision of Rutherford, Geiger and Marsden performed the gold foil experiment. Hans Geiger, Rutherford’s partner, had worked with him at the University of Manchester since 1908, and Ernest Marsden was a student at the University of Manchester (4). Although J.J. Thomson wasn’t directly involved with the experiment, he played a key role, serving as the reason the experiment was performed. Rutherford was a former student of Thomson and highly looked up to him. The reason behind the gold foil experiment was to prove Thomson’s “plum pudding model” (5). <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Calibri;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisy5pXEvMSFML4n7FPim1qxbMVW-9FaFPvzXvFlv9u7XQIhW2TvbV1f0iu5orc3Ntzgfn_fEu3hD1aRFHCcV_Xj7mpeS5U3vNPLuz3IXKC43QY0F_X30L2w_TjpmKpt2MZrTWBpBt4_mg/s1600/rutherfordgeiger.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="195" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisy5pXEvMSFML4n7FPim1qxbMVW-9FaFPvzXvFlv9u7XQIhW2TvbV1f0iu5orc3Ntzgfn_fEu3hD1aRFHCcV_Xj7mpeS5U3vNPLuz3IXKC43QY0F_X30L2w_TjpmKpt2MZrTWBpBt4_mg/s320/rutherfordgeiger.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Calibri;"> Rutherford and Geiger (2)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Calibri;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Calibri;"></span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Calibri;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">J.J Thomson’s “Plum Pudding Model”<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">The “plum pudding model” was J.J. Thomson’s theory of atomic structure that he developed in 1904 (3). His theory was that all the subatomic particles were spread evenly throughout the atom in one positively charged piece. In other words, negatively charged electrons were floating in a mass of positive charge (4). <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYhYENRZclTGTAhoZSYUWScNbLUslz4JdiAp9JUaDxwvEE3On3AROqMCH4unmsmll5f7EcueTzXF-s4yBS2U6DDwcc6hlveUkqdjXghWTDhyqdJMkdqQhHV1eK3eVoWKA7obANkIYcZKg/s1600/plumpudding.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYhYENRZclTGTAhoZSYUWScNbLUslz4JdiAp9JUaDxwvEE3On3AROqMCH4unmsmll5f7EcueTzXF-s4yBS2U6DDwcc6hlveUkqdjXghWTDhyqdJMkdqQhHV1eK3eVoWKA7obANkIYcZKg/s320/plumpudding.jpg" width="308" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Thomson believed the negative electron "plums" floated around in a large mass of positive "pudding" (3)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">The experiment:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">The gold foil experiment was ultimately performed in order to prove Thomson’s “plum pudding model”, although that was not the case. Just the opposite happened, proving the theory incorrect. The experiment consisted mostly of alpha particles and gold foil (5). An alpha particle is a helium nucleus released by radioactive substances (discovered when Rutherford was studying radioactivity). It is a fairly heavy, positively charged particle (6). To begin, polonium was put into a lead box that sent out alpha particles to a thin sheet of gold foil. The foil was then surrounded by a luminescent zinc sulfide screen that served as a backdrop for the alpha particles to appear on (4). A microscope was placed above the screen so they could easily observe any contact made between the alpha particles and the screen. In order to see the light of the alpha rays more clearly, the experiment was performed in complete darkness. To begin the experiment, they aimed a beam of alpha particles at a piece of gold foil, and then observed the astonishing results (5). <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBd7lJK0Kxku4bSAntQbuoeidRDY2XoJNHSOXjt19XWWwezgpIB1_puajeK12FUqhCqD38SDwp4CyBY37E2GZ-S-AD3IQqIbB9IX3qwfCr6w11B5DAZh31zJtkflPcFA7dOGNZisWhF5c/s1600/goldfoilexperiment.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="242" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBd7lJK0Kxku4bSAntQbuoeidRDY2XoJNHSOXjt19XWWwezgpIB1_puajeK12FUqhCqD38SDwp4CyBY37E2GZ-S-AD3IQqIbB9IX3qwfCr6w11B5DAZh31zJtkflPcFA7dOGNZisWhF5c/s320/goldfoilexperiment.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A simple diagram of how the experiment was set up. (4)</td></tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Results:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> In order to prove Thomson’s “plum pudding model”, the alpha particles were supposed to go straight through the foil. Shockingly, although most alpha particles passed straight through the gold foil, some did not. A small amount of particles were deflected slightly from the straight path by only about one or two degrees. An even smaller amount of particles were reflected off the gold foil at very large angles, and some occasionally bounced directly back at the source (3). The fact that some particles bounced back at large angles was the most surprising factor of the whole experiment. They discovered that 1 in 20,000 particles would bounce back at approximately 90 degrees or more from the parent beam. Rutherford was so amazed by this outcome, he explained the result by saying, “It was as if you fired a 15-inch shell as a sheet of tissue paper and it came back to hit you.” (5). </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Reasoning: <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> Obviously, Thomson’s “plum pudding model” was proven incorrect. Thomson’s theory said that an atom was made up of empty space, but that couldn’t be correct if the particles had bounced back because they had to have hit something. Rutherford reasoned that the item that was hit must have been very small since the majority of the particles didn’t bounce off of it (5). Alpha particles are very heavy, and have a mass about 8,000 times that of an electron. The alpha particles were traveling at a very high speed when they hit the foil, so a strong force was necessary in order to redirect the alpha particles since they were already so heavy (6). The way and angles in which the alpha particles bounced off the foil indicated that the majority of the mass of an atom was concentrated in one small region, that Rutherford later called the nucleus (3). He reasoned that the nucleus held all the positive charge, while electrons occupied most of the atom’s space. In simpler terms, the atom was made up of mostly empty space, which was why the majority of the alpha particles passed through. The particles that were deflected must have hit something in order for it to bounce off. This item that the particles bounced off of was named the nucleus. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEio6m9lqVosqZiZmwYtDEBNdGVUxhYojig99DyUmWykXOKMhTsjJvJi3d71asLF-HNRNTGbYceZM2kemCofPO3MihQh7qtD3I5H6LZsbGUk0_PQrPBEYdDyH8gaXV7Gk-4FLDAtSTUxY5k/s1600/diagram.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="146" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEio6m9lqVosqZiZmwYtDEBNdGVUxhYojig99DyUmWykXOKMhTsjJvJi3d71asLF-HNRNTGbYceZM2kemCofPO3MihQh7qtD3I5H6LZsbGUk0_PQrPBEYdDyH8gaXV7Gk-4FLDAtSTUxY5k/s400/diagram.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">This model describes how some of the alpha particles passed straight through, and how others didn't. As seen in picture (b), some of the alpha rays hit the nucleus. Depending upon where the nucleus was hit, the angle from which it was deflected differed. (5)</td></tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><br />
</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><br />
</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Conclusions:</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal">1. An atom was much more than just empty space of scattered electrons. (as opposed to what the "plum pudding model" proposed)</div><div class="MsoNormal">2. An atom must have a positively charged center that contains most of its matter (5). </div><div class="MsoNormal"> - He called this dense, concentrated center the nucleus (4). </div><div class="MsoNormal">3. The positively charged center (nucleus) was relatively small in reference to the total size of the atom (5). </div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Importance/ Significance: <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> Rutherford’s gold foil experiment proved the “plum pudding model” of the atom incorrect, which allowed for a more complete understanding of the atom. His discovery of the nucleus and atomic structure was refined by Niels Bohr. Niels Bohr designed a model of the atom based off of Rutherford’s experiment, which is often referred to as the Rutherford Bohr model. This is so important because this is the basic atomic model that is still being used toady (3). The discovery of the nucleus and atomic model also allowed for the development of nuclear physics (4). This highly contributed to discoveries of the atomic and nuclear bomb, as well as organizing the Manhattan Project (2). In conclusion, Rutherford’s gold foil experiment contributed to what is today’s atomic model, and there has yet to be another discovery to disprove it. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Bibliography:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> (1) “Ernest Rutherford – Biography”. Nobelprize.org 5 Oct 2010 <a href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1908/rutherford%20-%20bio.html">http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1908/rutherford - bio.html</a></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><a href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1908/rutherford%20-%20bio.html"></a><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Calibri;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">(2) </span></span> </span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">“Ernest Rutherford, first baron (1871 – 1937)”. Atomicarchive.com October 5, 2010 <a href="http://atomicarchive.com/Bios/Rutherford.shtml">http://www.atomicarchive.com/Bios/Rutherford.shtml</a></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><a href="http://atomicarchive.com/Bios/Rutherford.shtml"></a>(3) Pestka, Jessica. “About Rutherford’s Gold Foil Experiment”. Ehow.com October 5, 2010 <a href="http://www.ehow.com/about_4569065_rutherfords_gold_foil_experiment.html">http://www.ehow.com/about_4569065_rutherfords_gold_foil_experiment.html</a></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><a href="http://www.ehow.com/about_4569065_rutherfords_gold_foil_experiment.html"></a>(4) “An Overview of Rutherford’s Gold Foil Experiment”. Essaysample.com October 5, 2010 <a href="http://www.essaysample.com/essay/000582.html">http://www.essaysample.com/essay/000582.html</a></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><a href="http://www.essaysample.com/essay/000582.html"></a>(5)“The Gold Foil Experiment”. Myweb.usf.edu October 5, 2010 <a href="http://myweb.usf.edu/~mhight/goldfoil.html">http://myweb.usf.edu/~mhight/goldfoil.html</a></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><a href="http://myweb.usf.edu/~mhight/goldfoil.html"></a>(6) Davidson, Michael W. “The Rutherford Experiment”. Micro.magnet.fsu.edu October 5, 2010 <a href="http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/electromag/java/rutherford/">http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/electromag/java/rutherford/</a></span></span><br />
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Pictures:<br />
(1)<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><a href="http://www.wpclipart.com/famous/science/science_2/Ernest_Rutherford.png.html">http://www.wpclipart.com/famous/science/science_2/Ernest_Rutherford.png.html</a><br />
(2)<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><a href="http://www.natlib.govt.nz/collections/online-exhibitions/20th-century-scientists/ernest-rutherford">http://www.natlib.govt.nz/collections/online-exhibitions/20th-century-scientists/ernest-rutherford</a><br />
(3)<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><a href="http://reich-chemistry.wikispaces.com/1875AD-1900AD">http://reich-chemistry.wikispaces.com/1875AD-1900AD</a><br />
(4)<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 16px;"><a href="http://js082.k12.sd.us/My_Classes/Physical_Science/atoms/atoms_1.htm">http://js082.k12.sd.us/My_Classes/Physical_Science/atoms/atoms_1.htm</a></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Cambria;">(5)<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Calibri;"><a href="http://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/objects/602/616516/Chapter_02.html">http://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/objects/602/616516/Chapter_02.html</a></span></span><br />
<!--StartFragment--> <!--EndFragment--> <!--StartFragment--><!--EndFragment--> <!--StartFragment--> <!--EndFragment--> <!--StartFragment--> <!--EndFragment--> <!--StartFragment--> <!--EndFragment--> </div></span>crbowmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04278646988556852649noreply@blogger.com11tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4415570722844642835.post-16325183432260546272010-09-11T15:27:00.000-07:002010-09-13T19:16:01.185-07:00Chemical and Physical Properties of Cotton Candy<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #38761d;">Overview</span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> Cotton candy is a sweet treat that is often enjoyed at fairs, circuses, and baseball games. When a person first looks at cotton candy, it does not come to mind that there are tons of physical and chemical properties. Although physical properties are more evident than chemical properties, there are still many chemical properties, if not more. </span><br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVJ_6frH8dc3oenhkrrpNhGDNvRLqmfKxznK1cbl50I6NRLkaX-w0GmYcvWMlhGAaR59EjgMJn1liSfgpZ6oGO2zBj2CHCMFQju025GgNAeh0VV7ViJ1u1Vp2gJk-uB-7p52GBknMK6_A/s1600/DSC03679.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVJ_6frH8dc3oenhkrrpNhGDNvRLqmfKxznK1cbl50I6NRLkaX-w0GmYcvWMlhGAaR59EjgMJn1liSfgpZ6oGO2zBj2CHCMFQju025GgNAeh0VV7ViJ1u1Vp2gJk-uB-7p52GBknMK6_A/s200/DSC03679.JPG" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">This is approximately the amount of cotton candy used for each experiment performed. </td></tr>
</tbody></table><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #3d85c6;">Physical Properties:</span></span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">1. Blue in color</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2. Malleable</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">3. Sticky</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">4. Solid state</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">5. dissolves in water</span><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6riJgmqL2jhGB3jBTQyHKvb_JKL7NEE0b3rjSCI9o2PtqbYsJQtdbO3OSMl049VSYtFuS_948L33875dQWHEwmFt4QhSYcFOA3VibqjMO6VS6H1hwTPDpw4WqUFYaC81lo1CrHxT0jR0/s1600/DSC03635.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6riJgmqL2jhGB3jBTQyHKvb_JKL7NEE0b3rjSCI9o2PtqbYsJQtdbO3OSMl049VSYtFuS_948L33875dQWHEwmFt4QhSYcFOA3VibqjMO6VS6H1hwTPDpw4WqUFYaC81lo1CrHxT0jR0/s200/DSC03635.JPG" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">We began by putting water in a bowl,<br />
and taking the sample size of cotton candy.</td></tr>
</tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEir4njraNGewK8CK7o11CX3665kXQIeIRjwy91wbBgSKcsdGGyXE01jhpnitfTZL801TLYEj4xDGbgLYCDBpPZup4aMUea5Tgvr1knZZn7EetQUFxoZCYzp7Kj74DSWicQHMj7_adJI5NY/s1600/DSC03636.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEir4njraNGewK8CK7o11CX3665kXQIeIRjwy91wbBgSKcsdGGyXE01jhpnitfTZL801TLYEj4xDGbgLYCDBpPZup4aMUea5Tgvr1knZZn7EetQUFxoZCYzp7Kj74DSWicQHMj7_adJI5NY/s200/DSC03636.JPG" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Next, we placed the cotton candy in the <br />
bowl, and it immediately dissolved.</td></tr>
</tbody></table><br />
<br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #3d85c6;">Chemical Properties:</span></span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #38761d;">1.</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #38761d;"> Not flammable</span></span></span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaCGUaek9EHlmgWXMvtWAXZP311cwko1CQK4BOONHKcZTzTQoBSTGQ5ZG3t0okNJA-a3SrCvBoR3wqk6y8MA9xS-Ezkj78TajdimOnfbXtKFbIJMs1eg1IkWwlu3Wq9Us67ecVJi95r-k/s1600/DSC03640.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaCGUaek9EHlmgWXMvtWAXZP311cwko1CQK4BOONHKcZTzTQoBSTGQ5ZG3t0okNJA-a3SrCvBoR3wqk6y8MA9xS-Ezkj78TajdimOnfbXtKFbIJMs1eg1IkWwlu3Wq9Us67ecVJi95r-k/s320/DSC03640.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">We placed a piece of cotton candy on the ground, and tried lighting it on fire. We discovered that cotton candy is non-flammable because although the cotton candy did begin to melt, the flame did not stay on the cotton candy. We had to continue lighting the piece of cotton candy on fire, proving it is not flammable. </td></tr>
</tbody></table><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #38761d;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;">2.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;"> Smells like sugar and tastes sweet</span></span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #38761d;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;">- Obviously, by smell, cotton candy smells sweet like sugar. We smelled the cotton candy, knowing that odor was a chemical property. It is a chemical property because it has the ability to react and change odor when two substances are mixed together.</span></span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #38761d;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;">- I tasted the cotton candy, and it had a sweet taste. Once again, from our knowledge of chemistry, we knew that sweet taste was a chemical property because it has the ability to undergo a chemical change with the silva and taste buds. </span></span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #38761d;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;">3. Cotton candy crystalizes when it is set on fire.</span></span></span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXs-FVj5PI4xai8ieMnaCDs7RW5zU7-NqtbpGNHCacVzI64lIqd4KGRN1pB-zTk_fRt36FNhYKNcKCuMFL7YfeH_Jz6c9LLwJnXe0OvN8_pAJexbSp5nvoBq9Nl5X0jv9UCAjeqR4zdfg/s1600/DSC03644.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXs-FVj5PI4xai8ieMnaCDs7RW5zU7-NqtbpGNHCacVzI64lIqd4KGRN1pB-zTk_fRt36FNhYKNcKCuMFL7YfeH_Jz6c9LLwJnXe0OvN8_pAJexbSp5nvoBq9Nl5X0jv9UCAjeqR4zdfg/s320/DSC03644.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Although cotton candy is not flammable, when trying to light it on fire we discovered another chemical change. When we continued holding the flame to the cotton candy, it wouldn't break down anymore. It created a solid substance that crystalized. This is due to all the sugar in the candy. </td></tr>
</tbody></table><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #38761d;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;">4. When the cotton candy is heated on a stove, it produces a change in color.</span></span></span><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVpdPSoGWzZO89DY_OFSkgVfP1iS6vSLNmgOuxpco3KGRFW6LkB5R8dkG4cLUMKAP2DAERRDfzh1tsw7Tg3T_7lvhEY0Pt8T4F9AVOf4s6cEEwuNY6HsLw-VefIeMLoGqBaZTAfn8babg/s1600/DSC03670.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVpdPSoGWzZO89DY_OFSkgVfP1iS6vSLNmgOuxpco3KGRFW6LkB5R8dkG4cLUMKAP2DAERRDfzh1tsw7Tg3T_7lvhEY0Pt8T4F9AVOf4s6cEEwuNY6HsLw-VefIeMLoGqBaZTAfn8babg/s200/DSC03670.JPG" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">First, we began by putting the <br />
cotton candy in a pan and heating <br />
it over a stovetop. When we did <br />
that, it immediately started to<br />
bubble.</td></tr>
</tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHWPX2zP67KR3SwcBOTuZ5GbPqHOglSOAHvZQHOg-ckuBl_8YnxiSF0ubeMc36lR9COTv14Knt84qgVMUoJ6LrHylGb2jSB2ZN9L8u8arwKazCTnVNo9NJN9-lRVyZmYwxf_rL5Ok9DTo/s1600/DSC03674.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHWPX2zP67KR3SwcBOTuZ5GbPqHOglSOAHvZQHOg-ckuBl_8YnxiSF0ubeMc36lR9COTv14Knt84qgVMUoJ6LrHylGb2jSB2ZN9L8u8arwKazCTnVNo9NJN9-lRVyZmYwxf_rL5Ok9DTo/s200/DSC03674.JPG" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">After letting the cotton candy cook for <br />
about 5 minutes, it began turning a <br />
greenish brown color. The color change<br />
from blue to greenish brown indicates a <br />
chemical property. </td></tr>
</tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjC-FP5Xbz0cPFJNlrzvf22Gmn1sk4Jvv_EN95DTGf34q3-N9SLMw0lg91DLD4bqJgsXyGJdxr_hevqv_Xq2X1XZp92NIqGWDfm9MJKEQUbRyptrQlKjoxwuHK2Iu5HmibL5D97ZLKBxC4/s1600/DSC03675.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjC-FP5Xbz0cPFJNlrzvf22Gmn1sk4Jvv_EN95DTGf34q3-N9SLMw0lg91DLD4bqJgsXyGJdxr_hevqv_Xq2X1XZp92NIqGWDfm9MJKEQUbRyptrQlKjoxwuHK2Iu5HmibL5D97ZLKBxC4/s200/DSC03675.JPG" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Once cooled, it then returns to a solid<br />
and the final solution looks like this.<br />
The middle is a dark brown, and <br />
the sides are green. </td></tr>
</tbody></table><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #38761d;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;">5. When combined with yeast and warm water, a new gas is produced.</span></span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> - The new gas produced it carbon dioxide. We supported this through two different experiements, both dealing with the plastic bottle, water, yeast, and cotton candy. One deals with the plastic bottle and bag as shown directly below, and the other has to do with fire.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiX4FIQ2HNWx_o5Jbnyoa4bUj5Q2DJZc7VFch77DWjOuclxpg49WbwJyUU_AMbE9LsSUpvzou_aWzE11ZbE_CTKIvOlY7WttxsTuP77BhjLcfXFsXO-aZVDJkg3ms15sed8YVdqyTbm7vY/s1600/DSC03626.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiX4FIQ2HNWx_o5Jbnyoa4bUj5Q2DJZc7VFch77DWjOuclxpg49WbwJyUU_AMbE9LsSUpvzou_aWzE11ZbE_CTKIvOlY7WttxsTuP77BhjLcfXFsXO-aZVDJkg3ms15sed8YVdqyTbm7vY/s200/DSC03626.JPG" width="150" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"> We began by mixing warm <br />
water with yeast and pouring<br />
it into a plastic water bottle. </td></tr>
</tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXjBnJWBIa48Xk1cYQdOF9YuxOmk8wwwkL9DNCZexSRFJ6hx0O4CdrwdR7Wt3JWVFMamCiWc0DqEy2HC-gYRvAV7VIDemMVv6tg7-17J-A8Kl4O0dUUEge7stHqn1WSwBeGLcpGawVgDE/s1600/DSC03628.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXjBnJWBIa48Xk1cYQdOF9YuxOmk8wwwkL9DNCZexSRFJ6hx0O4CdrwdR7Wt3JWVFMamCiWc0DqEy2HC-gYRvAV7VIDemMVv6tg7-17J-A8Kl4O0dUUEge7stHqn1WSwBeGLcpGawVgDE/s200/DSC03628.JPG" width="150" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">We then added in the cotton candy <br />
and attached a plastic bag on the <br />
top to trap any gas that may form. </td></tr>
</tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiXdE-GuABRvnoF59uTt89cWmoubS0IGJhspo7jVMnv-wGXJtyCu_OhAvf7L3eTqhi31aYfFWJXSO3pRX8yDTf039_FcbmkSbhQuN0d4ZbXSb7Oh6QtbvubWsMBYOlAb8o7uVyY5kkgas/s1600/DSC03632.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiXdE-GuABRvnoF59uTt89cWmoubS0IGJhspo7jVMnv-wGXJtyCu_OhAvf7L3eTqhi31aYfFWJXSO3pRX8yDTf039_FcbmkSbhQuN0d4ZbXSb7Oh6QtbvubWsMBYOlAb8o7uVyY5kkgas/s200/DSC03632.JPG" width="150" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Over time, bubbles began to <br />
form above the liquid mixture. <br />
The plastic bag attached to <br />
the top inflated, which was<br />
filled with the gas, carbon dioxide. </td></tr>
</tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">As our second experiment, I researched that carbon dioxide, which is in many fire extinguishers, has the ability to put out fire. To prove that the gas was carbon dioxide, we decided to light a match and put it near the bottle as carbon dioxide is being released. If the flame went out, then we could conclude it was carbon dioxide. To perform this experiment, we quickly took off the plastic bag, lit a match, and placed it just close enough to the rim of the bottle. This allowed the carbon dioxide to reach the match and put out the flame within seconds, proving that the gas is carbon dioxide.</span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dxLccJ8KNaSqZBNrAgT2mKyVBqrae_CaAP3VuCBslzCfVMWrANUKpu5cOTMcOUA_eOQpc8txgD6xEvdnV3ZrQ' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div><br />
<br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #38761d;">Citations</span></span></span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> - Research about carbon dioxide having the ability to put out a fire.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">http://home.howstuffworks.com/home-improvement/household-safety/fire/fire-extinguisher2.htm</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> - Sugar, yeast, water, and carbon dioxide experiment: </span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">http://tnst.randolphcollege.edu/newsciencerules/Subjects/Biology/Experiments/sugarYeast.htm</span>crbowmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04278646988556852649noreply@blogger.com11